From 3 October 2001 through 16 November 2001, in the United States, there were 18 confirmed cases of inhalational and cutaneous anthrax, an additional 4 suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax, and 5 deaths due to inhalational anthrax. Although the number of cases was relatively small, this experience brought bioterrorism and its potential to sharp focus as thousands of people began receiving prophylactic antibiotics after possible exposure to anthrax spores. These events have resulted in a substantial impact on the health care system, including the rewriting of pneumonia guidelines, new emphasis on identification of microbial etiology, substantial infusion of funds for bioterrorism-related research, and a sudden mandate for regional disaster and public health planning. This article provides clinicians with clinically relevant information about the diagnosis and management of anthrax.