PIP: Factors contributing to low birth weight (LBW) include poverty, ignorance, and inability to use health care services. Early marriage and low family income lead to poor maternal nutrition reserves, which lead to reduced fetal nutrition. Poor maternal nutrition is also the result of ignorance, short birth intervals, multi-parity, and lack of prenatal care. Both heavy manual labor and smoking contribute to placental ischemia, which, along with reduced fetal nutrition, leads to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). In developing countries, IUGR accounts for over 66% of all LBW neonates. About 7 million Indian babies annually are LBW. This study examined the incidence of LBW among 178 mothers delivering single births at the maternity hospital associated with the Department of Community Medicine of SKIMS, Srinagar, Kashmir, India, during 1989-90. 26.40% (47) of the 178 births were LBW (2500 g). Among 71 first-borns, marriage age was found to be statistically significantly associated with LBW. 31.82% of mothers younger than 20 years had LBW babies, compared to only 6.12% of mothers older than 20 years. The impact ratio, which measured excess LBW, was 4.20. Birth interval was statistically significantly associated with LBW outcome. 55.81% of women with a birth interval of less than 18 months had LBW babies, compared to 20.31% of mothers with longer birth intervals. The impact ratio was 1.75. Gravidity was also statistically associated with LBW babies. 34.58% of multigravida mothers had LBW babies, compared to 14.08% of primigravidae. The impact ratio was 1.46. Presence of prenatal care was statistically associated; the impact ratio was 1.42. 31.30% of illiterate women had LBW babies, compared to only 17.46% among literate women, which indicated significant associations with LBW. Other significant factors were manual labor, maternal smoking, and monthly family income. Reduction of LBW by 10-30% nationally by the year 2000 will be difficult and best accomplished by a high risk approach supplemented by health and nutrition education.