PIP: Providers have much more to do to involve men in family planning (FP). Specifically they could make vasectomy and condoms more available. Male contraceptive methods include vasectomy, condoms, withdrawal, and periodic abstinence (rhythm method). 2 obstacles to expanding male involvement are that more is known about providing FP services to women than to men and limited funding for male-only programs. Male involvement can include use of male contraception and their participation in decision making. Male involvement programs vary from information campaigns, FP services targeted to men, and personal contact through community outreach. Men where instrumental in demographic transitions in developed countries when they used withdrawal and condoms before widespread use of oral contraception. FP programs in developing countries have emphasized women because they faced the real threat of childbearing, these programs precipitated women's emancipation, and governments chose to implement FP through maternal-child health services. Yet this excluded men. During the 1980s, FP specialists began to focus also no men because of the AIDS epidemic and its transmission through heterosexual contact. Women's empowerment increased their ability to discuss FP methods with their husbands. In addition, the more acceptable no-scalpel sterilization technique emerged. FP programs in the 1980s tended to assume men were obstacles to FP and justly so. Yet surveys have found that considerable numbers of men have a positive attitude toward joint decision making about contraceptive use. But it is easier for people to change attitudes than it is to change behaviors. Various strategies to bridge the gap between positive attitudes and practice include youth programs, employment-based programs, peer counseling, social marketing, AIDS prevention programs, and community-based services separate from those for women.