PIP: This article summarized a prior paper and provided an analysis of the population trends and dynamics between 1970 and 1990 in China. Fertility declined most rapidly between 1970 and 1981 from a birth rate of 33.59 to 20.91/1000 and from a fertility rate of 5.8 to 2.6 children. Regional variation in fertility was extreme: 1.3 children/woman in Shanghai and over 4.0 fertility in Tibet, Guizhou, Xinjiang, and Hainan provinces. The family planning program in China is the largest and politically most powerful in the world and adapted to the basic national conditions in China. Socioeconomic changes have led to preferences for a small family. The process of socialization and collectivization changed the traditional importance of family and kinship and the effects on economic production, child care, education, and life. Fertility during the 1980s was characterized as a convergence of fertility around 3.0 or below and a large reduction in 3rd and higher parity births. Only Tibet and Xinjiang as autonomous regions had higher fertility of 4.2 and 3.16, respectively. Between 1979 and 1987 the proportion of women having 2 or more children was reduced from 76% to 52%, and 3rd and higher parities were 19.23% of total births in 1989. The total fertility rate was reduced to 2.3. Slower declines in fertility were attributed to an already low fertility level, policy changes from deferred and spaced births to one child per couple, a decline in the legal age of marriage, and policy reforms. Population policy was directed to period growth of population. China's 1990 population was 1.134 billion in 1990 and reflected annual growth in births during the 1980s from 20 million per year to 23 million per year. The number of women of reproductive age will increase during the 1990s, which will make it difficult to reduce growth. Key issues will be the timing of marriage and childbearing, 3rd and higher parity births, the target population of underserved and unmotivated, the floating population, and rural urbanization.