Dietary restriction (DR) is the most consistent means of extending life span throughout the animal kingdom. Multiple mechanisms by which DR may act have been proposed but none are clearly predominant. We asked whether metabolic rate and stress resistance is altered in Caenorhabditis elegans in response to DR. DR was imposed in two complementary ways: by growing wild-type worms in liquid medium supplemented with reduced concentrations of bacteria and by using eat-2 mutants, which have a feeding defect. Metabolic rate was not reduced when we fed wild-type worms reduced food and was up-regulated in the eat-2 mutants in liquid culture, as assessed by oxygen consumption rate and heat production. The specific activity levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase showed small increases when we reduced food in wild-type worms, but restricted worms acquired no elevated protection against paraquat and hydrogen peroxide. eat-2 mutants showed elevated specific activities of SOD and catalase relative to wild type in liquid culture. These results indicate that the effects imparted by DR and the eat-2 mutation are not identical, and they contradict, at least in C. elegans, the widespread belief that CR acts by lowering the rate of metabolism.