There is now evidence for definite and early cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD), involving, in particular, executive functions and working memory. However, the distinction between visuo-spatial and non-spatial working memory deficits and the impact of dopamine on these deficits are still open to debate. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate cognitive and motor performance in PD patients in two conditional associative learning tasks requiring either spatial or non-spatial visual working memory. The subject had to point to visual targets according to the visual characteristics of memorised visual cues (colour, position and form). To assess the effect of L-dopa therapy, PD patients were studied over two consecutive days: one ON/OFF group of nine PD patients with treatment (ON condition) on the first day and without treatment (OFF condition) on the second day; and another OFF/ON group of nine PD patients tested on reverse. The PD groups were compared to a control group of nine age-matched healthy subjects. Our main data demonstrate that: (1) in PD patients with OFF treatment, the response time of manual pointing is increased mainly in the non-spatial working memory task; and (2) in PD patients with ON treatment, either the response time is normal (on the first day) or is increased in both visuo-spatial and non-spatial tasks. We suggest that this dissociation between spatial versus non-spatial working memory deficits in non-medicated PD might be related to compensatory mechanisms that occur following fronto-striatal dysfunction.