The edentulous posterior maxilla often has inadequate bone for endosteal implants. Therefore, implant placement in this area often requires the manipulation of maxillary sinus anatomy. The development of infection following sinus elevation procedures can occur from contamination of the site by oral and/or sinus pathogens or secondary infection from a maxillary sinusitis. The prevention and prompt treatment of complications associated with this surgery can contribute to increased success in this area. The prophylactic use of systemic and local antibiotics and glucocorticosteroids can reduce the risk of infection. If infection develops, culture and sensitivity testing is indicated, with the prescription of empiric antibiotic therapy and decongestants. A knowledge of clinical pharmacology and its therapeutic application is essential for the predictable management of sinus elevation surgery.