Medical anthropology has developed distinct and separate biological and cultural approaches to the study of health and disease in human populations. Within cultural anthropology a major focus has been the ethnomedical perspective that analyzes the process of defining disease and describing the social response to disease. In biological anthropology, an ecological perspective considers the interaction of the population, the insult and the environment at the core of the disease process. There has been limited success in integrating the cultural and biological perspective. Some cultural anthropologists claim that the ecological perspective relies on a biomedical model and therefore is not useful in studying non-Western societies. Others are critical of the adaptivist perspective that they believe fails to consider political economic factors that affect the disease process. The lack of a biocultural integration has hindered the systematic analysis of health and disease in contemporary traditional and non-Western groups. An ecological model that addresses these problems will provide a biocultural integration of the disease process.