In this work the impact of schistosomiasis on kidney transplantation was investigated by comparing two groups of patients, group 1 (Schistosoma-infected cases) and group 2 (control cases). In group 1, schistosomiasis was diagnosed in both donor and recipient in 63 cases, in recipient only in 65 cases, and in donor only in eight cases. Schistosomal infection among kidney transplant recipients was S. haematobium in 17 cases, S. mansoni in 58 cases, and mixed in 53 cases. Schistosomiasis was diagnosed by finding Schistosoma eggs in urine, stools, rectal mucosal biopsy, recipient bladder mucosal biopsy, or in the donor ureter obtained during surgery. Patients and donors with active lesions were treated at least 3 weeks before transplantation by the antischistosomal drugs praziquantel and oxamniquine. Follow-up after kidney transplantation showed no significant difference between the two groups regarding the incidence of acute and chronic rejection. Nevertheless, dose of cyclosporin, HBs antigenaemia, incidence of urinary tract infection, renal stones, ureteric stricture, and urinary leakage were significantly greater among schistosomal patients when compared to control cases. Schistosomal reinfection was observed in 23% of cases at high risk. Antischistosomal treatment did not affect the graft function. We have concluded that schistosomiasis may affect the outcome of kidney transplantation.