To improve the outcome of patients who had undergone hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we employed postoperative adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (AHAI) in 23 patients. Patients showing various risk factors for the recurrence of HCC were given one shot of doxorubicin and mitomycin C suspended in an oily medium (lipiodol) and an infusion of 5-fluorouracil. The 3-year survival value calculated for patients who were treated with AHAI was 75%, which was significantly higher than that found for patients who did not receive AHAI (n = 156; P < 0.05). In addition, among the patients who underwent hepatic lobectomy, the survival of those who received AHAI was also significantly greater than that of those who did not (n = 46; P < 0.01). AHAI did not cause any severe complications. These results indicate that AHAI may be an effective therapy for patients with HCC.