Nonionic polyethylene oxide (PEO) and anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) flocculation of kaolinite dispersions has been investigated at pH 7.5 in the temperature range 20-60 degrees C. The surface chemistry (zeta potential), particle interactions (shear yield stress), and dewatering behavior were also examined. An increase in the magnitude of zeta potential of kaolinite particles, in the absence of flocculant and at a fixed PEO and PAM concentration, with increasing temperature was observed. The zeta potential behavior of the flocculated particles indicated a decrease in the adsorbed polymer layer thickness, while at the same time, however, the adsorbed polymer density showed a significant increase with increasing temperature. These results suggest that polymer adsorption was accompanied by temperature-influenced conformation changes. The hydrodynamic diameter and supernatant solution viscosity of both polymers decreased with increasing temperature, consistent with a change in polymer-solvent interactions and conformation, prior to adsorption. The analysis of the free energy (DeltaG(ads)) of adsorption showed a strong temperature dependence and the adsorption process to be more entropically than enthalpically driven. The polymer conformation change and increased negative charge at the kaolinite particle surface with increasing temperature resulted in decreased polymer bridging and flocculation performance. Consequently, the shear yield stress and the rate and the extent of dewatering (consolidation) of the pulp decreased significantly at higher temperatures (>40 degrees C). The temperature effect was more pronounced in the presence of PEO than PAM, with 40 and 20 degrees C indicated as the optima for enhanced performance of the latter and former flocculants, respectively. The results demonstrate that a temperature-induced conformation change, together with polymer structure type, plays an important role in flocculation and dewatering behavior of kaolinite dispersions.