The objective of the review is to alert reproductive-care providers to the unexpected resurgence of Chlamydia infections and to new findings related to complications associated with Chlamydia infection. Data sources consisted of national and local guidelines and literature searches of MEDLINE with the heading Chlamydia infections 2002 and 2003. The complications of Chlamydia infections are considered to be longterm, and may include debilitating pain, infertility, tubal pregnancy, cancer, and HIV infection. Only a strong disease-management response from reproductive-care providers, using new diagnostic techniques and simpler treatment regimens, as well as a strong public health reaction, will be effective to limit the scourges of Chlamydia infection in the female population.