Asbestos has been used by man since 4000 before the Christian era (BCE) in many different parts of the world and for a wide range of functions. Blue asbestos (crocidolite) was first discovered in South Africa in 1805 and within a few years was being mined there extensively. Mining reached its peak in 1977 with >380,000 tons being exported and 20,000 miners employed in the industry. South Africa also has large deposits of white asbestos (chrysotile) and brown asbestos (amosite) both of which have been mined extensively. At the turn of the 20th century, it was noted that those working with asbestos suffered lung disease and in 1960, the link between asbestosis and mesothelioma was established in the Kimberley area of South Africa. Further studies in the 1970s and 1980s showed an alarming incidence of mesothelioma based on pathology reports. The majority of the reported mesothelioma cases result from exposure to asbestos in its many uses in secondary industry although incidence of the condition among miners is also significant. A high proportion of mesothelioma in patients in South Africa is attributed to environmental origin with a high incidence of women and children affected.