The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer has been evolving during the past two decades. Fisher's group accomplished the scientific rationale in mouse models in the 1970s. The Milan group was the first to use neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced breast cancer and also determined that adjuvant sequential doxorubicin with cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/fluorouracil (CMF) offered improved survival when compared to alternating CMF with doxorubicin. Other groups (M. D. Anderson and NSABP) have evaluated similar doxorubicin-based neoadjuvant therapies in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) and in early disease. These studies have shown an increase in breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and an increase in pathologic complete response (pCR) when neoadjuvant therapy was used. Due to anthracycline resistance, taxanes were added to the doxorubicin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen with an increase in BCT and pCR than when an anthracycline regimen was used alone. Overall survival has yet to be determined when comparing an anthracycline-based regimen to the same regimen with the addition of a sequential taxane. Therefore, a combined treatment of an anthracycline/cyclophosphamide/taxane regimen is the recommended neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with breast cancer.