Objectives: To review the literature on chronic exertional compartment syndrome.
Methods: We searched the Medline database with use of the keys words compartment syndrome, exertional, chronic, pressure, and fasciotomy.
Results: Exertional compartment syndrome is characterized by pain on exertion, which recedes at rest, and by excessive increase in compartment intramuscular pressure. Intramuscular pressure measurement is the reference diagnostic tool, but it has not been standardized or evaluated. Pressure observed during the first 5 min after exertion stops is more often used in diagnosis. The first studies of noninvasive investigations (magnetic resonance imaging, thallium single-photon emission tomographic imaging, near infrared spectroscopy) revealed their inadequate diagnostic value. The pathophysiological features of exertional compartment syndrome remain unclear: increased muscle bulk, fascia thickness and stiffness, stimulation of fascial sensory stretch-receptors, poor venous return, micromuscular injuries, and small clinical myopathic abnormalities. Treatment includes decreased sport activity or fasciotomy with partial fasciectomy. Several authors have used endoscopically assisted fasciotomy, which retrospective studies have shown to be successful. Long-term outcome studies could investigate the persistence of exertional minor pain and recurrence of the compartment syndrome with this treatment.
Conclusion: Further studies are required to understand the physiopathology, standardize the intramuscular pressure test and evaluate the pressure threshold values, evaluate noninvasive investigations and specify the long-term outcome of fasciotomy.