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Clinical Trial
. 2004 Sep 18;329(7467):660.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.38198.594109.AE. Epub 2004 Aug 15.

Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: cohort study in elderly people

Ben G Armstrong  1 , Punam Mangtani, Astrid Fletcher, Sari Kovats, Anthony McMichael, Sam Pattenden, Paul Wilkinson
Affiliations
Clinical Trial

Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: cohort study in elderly people

Ben G Armstrong et al. BMJ. .

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the protection against death provided by vaccination against influenza.

Design: Prospective cohort follow up supplemented by weekly national counts of influenza confirmed in the community.

Setting: Primary care.

Participants: 24,535 patients aged over 75 years from 73 general practices in Great Britain.

Main outcome measure: Death.

Results: In unvaccinated members of the cohort daily all cause mortality was strongly associated with an index of influenza circulating in the population (mortality ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.29 at 90th centile of circulating influenza). The association was strongest for respiratory deaths but was also present for cardiovascular deaths. In contrast, in vaccinated people mortality from any cause was not associated with circulating influenza. The difference in patterns between vaccinated and unvaccinated people could not easily be due to chance (P = 0.02, all causes).

Conclusions: This study, using a novel and robust approach to control for confounding, provides robust evidence of a protective effect on mortality of vaccination against influenza.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mortality versus population influenza rate by vaccination status. Fitted regression lines for daily mortality by number of specimens with influenza A reported in the United Kingdom during the previous week, using Poisson model controlling for month, temperature, and number of days since 31 December. Mortality is scaled to be relative to the total cohort average
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