Previous experiments with the first selective nonpeptide vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist SSR149415 ((2S, 4R)-1-[5-chloro-1-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl]-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) have shown that the drug elicits anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects following systemic administration. Extrahypothalamic V1b receptors have been suggested to be involved in these effects as evidenced by the findings that hypophysectomized rats were still sensitive to the antistress action of SSR149415. The first objective of the present work aimed at locating V1b receptors in the rat limbic brain using anti-V1b receptor immunohistochemistry. The immunolabeling revealed high densities of V1b receptors in the lateral septum, the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hippocampal formation, and in several cortical areas. Since the lateral septum is well known to participate in the modulation of emotional processes, the second objective of this study went on to evaluate the behavioral effects of an infusion of SSR149415 into the lateral septum and to determine whether its behavioral effects are mediated by this structure. Animals were tested in models classically used for the screening of anxiolytics (ie the punished drinking and elevated plus-maze tests) and antidepressants (ie the forced-swimming test). Bilateral intraseptal infusion of SSR149415 (10 and 100 ng) produced a decrease in immobility time in the forced-swimming test, indicating antidepressant-like effects. In contrast, the behavior of rats in the punished drinking procedure or in the elevated plus-maze test was not modified by intraseptal infusion of SSR149415. These findings suggest that V1b receptors located in the lateral septum participate in the antidepressant- but not the anxiolytic-like action of SSR149415 in rats.