Background: Stenoses and fistulas are frequent complications in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). They represent a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge and surgical intervention is often required. The availability of novel, anti-TNF strategies for therapy has raised the question as to what extent these new treatment options have impact on the clinical decision-making process regarding the necessity for surgery.
Discussion: A short overview of the current pathophysiological understanding of CD, focusing on the immunology of the intestinal mucosa, is given. Then the problems of proper clinical management of stenoses and fistulas are addressed. With regard to symptomatic stenoses, attention will be given to novel diagnostic tools for the distinction between inflammatory and fibrotic stenoses, and our clinical experience with the treatment of symptomatic inflammatory stenoses with infliximab will be discussed. With regard to fistulizing CD, the data that are currently available for medical therapy are summarized with special reference to the studies on the efficacy of anti-TNF treatment.
Conclusion: With regard to moderately and severe inflammatory stenoses, medical treatment with infliximab may be an option after careful assessment of the inflammatory nature of the stenosis and exclusion of a septic focus. With regard to fistulas, anti-TNF treatment is a valuable option that is likely to improve the clinical outcome. Based on the available data, however, anti-TNF treatment cannot yet replace surgical intervention when necessary. Prospective trials of medical therapy and a combination of medical and surgical therapy for complex fistulas and internal fistulas are needed to define the potential and the limitations of these novel therapeutic approaches.