Neural tissue transplantation has become recognized widely as a powerful experimental tool for studying structure-function relationships, development, plasticity, and capacities for regeneration in the adult CNS. In addition, this area of investigation has generated considerable interest in approaches that might be applicable to a variety of catastrophic neurological disorders. In this regard, attention has been given to neural tissue grafting as a potential therapeutic strategy in various forms of neurodegenerative disease. More recently, however, other investigations have begun to focus on the possible application of peripheral and central neural tissue transplants for promoting repair in forms of CNS trauma. This review highlights various neural transplantation approaches that have been explored primarily in the context of injury to the adult CNS, with emphasis on spinal cord injury. An overview is presented of the evolution of this area of research in terms of emerging biological perspectives, technological advances, and experimental modelling. Discussion centers on progress that has been made and a variety of theoretical and practical issues that remain to be resolved.