This monograph aims to clarify the relation of the self-cultivation of a traditional doctor to his cultural activities in rural society in the late EDO era. The author considered the life history of TSUJI Genjun (a court surgeon of the TSUCHIURA Han- one of the feudal clans under the TOKUGAWA shogunate), especially in regard to his rural cultural activities. While pursuing his sincere medical work, Genjun intently practiced various forms of traditional culture work, for example, tanka poetry, Chinese poetry, southern school Chinese painting, Japanese calligraphy, and tea ceremony. A characteristic of his cultural practices is the fact that he was not only a dilettante but was also self-cultured. Genjun's cultural life and his activities show a typical pattern of rural intellectuals.