Gender identity outcome in female-raised 46,XY persons with penile agenesis, cloacal exstrophy of the bladder, or penile ablation

Arch Sex Behav. 2005 Aug;34(4):423-38. doi: 10.1007/s10508-005-4342-9.

Abstract

This review addresses the long-term gender outcome of gender assignment of persons with intersexuality and related conditions. The gender assignment to female of 46,XY newborns with severe genital abnormalities despite a presumably normal-male prenatal sex-hormone milieu is highly controversial because of variations in assumptions about the role of biological factors in gender identity formation. This article presents a literature review of gender outcome in three pertinent conditions (penile agenesis, cloacal exstrophy of the bladder, and penile ablation) in infancy or early childhood. The findings clearly indicate an increased risk of later patient-initiated gender re-assignment to male after female assignment in infancy or early childhood, but are nevertheless incompatible with the notion of a full determination of core gender identity by prenatal androgens.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Bladder Exstrophy / genetics
  • Bladder Exstrophy / therapy*
  • Child
  • Cloaca / abnormalities*
  • Disorders of Sex Development / psychology
  • Disorders of Sex Development / therapy*
  • Female
  • Gender Identity*
  • Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY / psychology
  • Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY / therapy*
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Penis* / abnormalities
  • Penis* / injuries
  • Psychosexual Development*
  • Sex Characteristics
  • Sexual Behavior
  • Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / therapy
  • Time Factors