Despite its increasing incidence and prevalence, treatment options in atrial fibrillation (AF) are far from ideal and often limited. After decades of focus on the electrical aspects of AF with unsatisfactory results, recent research is focusing increasingly on the atrial structural remodelling that underlies the development of AF in different pathological conditions, such as hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system in AF and to highlight the clinical evidence on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system blockade as a therapeutic option in AF.