Airborne exposure and biological monitoring of bar and restaurant workers before and after the introduction of a smoking ban

J Environ Monit. 2006 Mar;8(3):362-8. doi: 10.1039/b600050a. Epub 2006 Feb 20.

Abstract

The aims were to assess the impact of a total smoking ban on the level of airborne contaminants and the urinary cotinine levels in the employees in bars and restaurants. In a follow up design, 13 bars and restaurants were visited before and after the implementation of a smoking ban. Ninety-three employees in the establishments were initially included into the study. The arithmetic mean concentration of nicotine and total dust declined from 28.3 microg m(-3) (range, 0.4-88.0) and 262 microg m(-3) (range, 52-662), respectively, to 0.6 microg m(-3) (range, not detected-3.7) and 77 microg m(-3) (range, not detected-261) after the smoking ban. The Pearson correlation coefficient between airborne nicotine and total dust was 0.86 (p < 0.001; n = 48). The post-shift geometric mean urinary cotinine concentration declined from 9.5 microg g(-1) creatinine (cr) (95% CI 6.5-13.7) to 1.4 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 0.8-2.5) after the ban (p < 0.001) in 25 non-snuffing non-smokers. A reduction from 1444 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 957-2180) to 688 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 324-1458) was found (p < 0.05) in 29 non-snuffing smokers. The urinary cotinine levels increased from 11.7 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 7.0-19.6) post-shift to 21.9 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 13.3-36.3) (p < 0.01) in the next morning in 24 non-snuffing non-smokers before the smoking ban. A substantial reduction of airborne nicotine and total dust was observed after the introduction of a smoking ban in bars and restaurants. The urinary cotinine levels were reduced in non-smokers. The decline found in smokers may suggest a reduction in the amount of smoking after intervention. In non-smokers cotinine concentrations were higher based on urine sampled the morning after a shift than based on urine sampled immediately post-shift.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Air Pollutants, Occupational / analysis*
  • Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  • Cotinine / urine
  • Dust / analysis
  • Environmental Monitoring*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Nicotine / analysis*
  • Norway
  • Occupational Exposure / analysis*
  • Public Facilities / legislation & jurisprudence
  • Restaurants*
  • Smoking / legislation & jurisprudence*
  • Time Factors
  • Tobacco Smoke Pollution / analysis*
  • Tobacco Smoke Pollution / legislation & jurisprudence

Substances

  • Air Pollutants, Occupational
  • Dust
  • Tobacco Smoke Pollution
  • Nicotine
  • Cotinine