Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review
- PMID: 16553905
- PMCID: PMC7169664
- DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01568.x
Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review
Abstract
Objective: To determine the effect of handwashing on the risk of respiratory infection.
Methods: We searched PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library for articles published before June 2004 in all languages. We had searched reference lists of all primary and review articles. Studies were included in the review if they reported the impact of an intervention to promote hand cleansing on respiratory infections. Studies relating to hospital-acquired infections, long-term care facilities, immuno-compromised and elderly people were excluded. We independently evaluated all studies, and inclusion decisions were reached by consensus. From a primary list of 410 articles, eight interventional studies met the eligibility criteria.
Results: All eight eligible studies reported that handwashing lowered risks of respiratory infection, with risk reductions ranging from 6% to 44% [pooled value 24% (95% CI 6-40%)]. Pooling the results of only the seven homogenous studies gave a relative risk of 1.19 (95% CI 1.12%-1.26%), implying that hand cleansing can cut the risk of respiratory infection by 16% (95% CI 11-21%).
Conclusions: Handwashing is associated with lowered respiratory infection. However, studies were of poor quality, none related to developing countries, and only one to severe disease. Rigorous trials of the impact of handwashing on acute respiratory tract infection morbidity and mortality are urgently needed, especially in developing countries.
Objectif Déterminer l'effet du lavage des mains sur le risque d'infections respiratoires.
Méthodes Nous avons effectué des recherches sur PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Embase, Web of Science et la bibliothèque Cochrane pour des articles publiés avant Juin 2004 en toutes langues. Nous avons aussi recherché manuellement les listes de références de toute publication primaire ou des articles de révision. Les études ont été incluses dans notre révision si elles rapportaient l'impact d'une intervention à promouvoir le lavage des mains sur les infections respiratoires. Les études portant sur les infections acquises à l'hôpital ou dans les services de santé avec prise en charge à long terme ou par des personnes à immunité compromise ou âgées ont été exclues. Nous avons évalué chaque étude indépendamment et les décisions pour l'inclusion ont été prises par consensus. D'une liste de départ de 410 articles, 8 études d'intervention ont satisfait aux critères d’éligibilitè.
Résultats Toutes les 8 études ont rapporté que le lavage des mains diminuait le risque d'infections respiratoire. La diminution du risque allait de 6 à 44% (valeurs cumulées 24%; IC95%: 6–40%). Le seul cumule des résultats de 7 études homogènes a donné un risque relatif de 1,19 (IC95%: 1,12–1,26%), suggérant que le lavage des mains peu réduire le risque d'infection respiratoire de 16% (IC95%: 11–21%).
Conclusion Le lavage des mains est associé avec une diminution des infections respiratoires. Cependant, les études étaient de pauvre qualité, aucune ne portait sur des pays en développement et une seule portait sur des maladies sévères. Des essais plus rigoureux de l'impact du lavage des mains sur la morbidité et la mortalité des infections respiratoires aigues sont urgemment nécessaires et plus particulièrement dans les pays en voie de développement.
Objetivo Determinar el efecto del lavado de manos en el riesgo de infección respiratoria
Método Se hizo una búsqueda en PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Embase, Web of Science, y la Cochrane library de artículos publicados, en todos los idiomas, antes de Junio del 2004. Se buscó a mano las listas de referencias de todos los artículos primarios y de revisión. Se incluyeron en la revisión aquellos estudios que reportaran el impacto sobre infecciones respiratorias de una intervención para promover el lavado de manos. Se excluyeron los estudios relacionados con infecciones nosocomiales, instalaciones de cuidados a largo plazo, personas inmuno‐suprimidas o personas mayores. Nosotros, independientemente, evaluamos todos los estudios, y la decisión de incluirlos o excluirlos fue consensuada. De una lista inicial de 410 artículos, ocho estudios de intervención tenían los criterios para ser elegidos.
Resultados Los ocho estudios elegibles reportaban que el lavado de manos disminuía el riesgo de infecciones respiratorias, con reducción del riesgo de entre un 6 a un 44% (valor combinado 24% (95% IC 6%‐40%). Agrupando los resultados de los sete estudios homogéneos se obtenía un riesgo relativo del 1.19 (95% IC 1.12 – 1.26), lo cual implica que el lavado de manos puede disminuir el riesgo de infección respiratoria en un 16% (95% IC 11 a 21%).
Conclusiones El lavado de manos está asociado con una disminución de la infección respiratoria. Sin embargo, los estudios analizados eran de baja calidad, ninguno relacionado con países de baja renta, y solo uno de ellos con enfermedad severa. Se requieren con urgencia ensayos rigurosos sobre el impacto del lavado de manos en la morbilidad y mortalidad por infecciones respiratorias, especialmente en países de baja renta.
Conflict of interest statement
The grant from Unilever PLC could be viewed as constituting a conflict of interest as we suggest that handwashing with soap could prevent respiratory tract infection. However, our main commercially related interest is in encouraging soap companies to do more to promote hygiene and public health.
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