Identification and quantification of a guanine-thymine intrastrand cross-link lesion induced by Cu(II)/H2O2/ascorbate

Chem Res Toxicol. 2006 May;19(5):614-21. doi: 10.1021/tx060025x.

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be induced by both endogenous and exogenous processes, and they can damage biological molecules including nucleic acids. It was shown that X- or gamma-ray irradiation of aqueous solutions of DNA, during which *OH is one of the major ROS, can lead to the formation of intrastrand cross-link lesions where the neighboring nucleobases in the same DNA strand are covalently bonded. Previous 32P-postlabeling studies suggested that the intrastrand cross-link lesions may arise from Fenton reaction, which also induces the formation of *OH; the structures of the proposed intrastrand cross-link lesions, however, have not been determined. Here, we showed for the first time that the treatment of calf thymus DNA with Cu(II)/H2O2/ascorbate could lead to the formation of an intrastrand cross-link lesion, i.e., G wedge T, where the C8 of guanine is covalently bonded to the neighboring 3'-thymine through its methyl carbon. LC-MS/MS quantification results showed dose-responsive formation of G wedge T. In addition, the yield of the intrastrand cross-link was approximately 3 orders of magnitude lower than those of commonly observed single-base lesions, that is, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, and 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine. The induction of intrastrand cross-link lesion in calf thymus DNA by Fenton reagents in vitro suggests that this type of lesion might be formed endogenously in mammalian cells.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Ascorbic Acid / toxicity*
  • Chromatography, Liquid
  • Copper / toxicity*
  • Cross-Linking Reagents / toxicity
  • DNA / chemistry
  • DNA / drug effects
  • DNA / metabolism
  • DNA Damage*
  • Guanine / chemistry*
  • Guanine / metabolism
  • Hydrogen Peroxide / toxicity*
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Thymine / chemistry*
  • Thymine / metabolism

Substances

  • Cross-Linking Reagents
  • Guanine
  • Copper
  • DNA
  • calf thymus DNA
  • Hydrogen Peroxide
  • Ascorbic Acid
  • Thymine