Abstract
Recent knockout experiments in the mouse generated amazing craniofacial skeletal muscle phenotypes. Yet none of the genes could be placed into a molecular network, because the programme to control the development of muscles in the head is not known. Here we show that antagonistic signals from the neural tube and the branchial arches specify extraocular versus branchiomeric muscles. Moreover, we identified Fgf8 as the branchial arch derived signal. However, this molecule has an additional function in supporting the proliferative state of myoblasts, suppressing their differentiation, while a further branchial arch derived signal, namely Bmp7, is an overall negative regulator of head myogenesis.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7
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Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / genetics
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Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / metabolism
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Branchial Region / anatomy & histology
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Branchial Region / embryology*
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Chick Embryo
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Eye / anatomy & histology
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Eye / embryology*
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 / genetics
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 / metabolism*
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Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
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Head / anatomy & histology
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Head / embryology
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Humans
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Mesoderm / cytology
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Mesoderm / physiology
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Mice
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Models, Anatomic
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Morphogenesis
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Muscle Development / physiology*
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Muscle, Skeletal / anatomy & histology
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Muscle, Skeletal / embryology*
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Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism
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Neural Crest / cytology
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Neural Crest / physiology*
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Oculomotor Muscles / embryology*
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Oculomotor Muscles / innervation
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Phenotype
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Quail / anatomy & histology
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Quail / embryology
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Signal Transduction / physiology*
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Transforming Growth Factor beta / genetics
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Transforming Growth Factor beta / metabolism
Substances
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BMP7 protein, human
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7
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Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
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Fgf8 protein, mouse
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Transforming Growth Factor beta
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 8