Maternal mercury exposure and neuro-motor development in breastfed infants from Porto Velho (Amazon), Brazil

Abstract

Fish is an important item in the diet of Amazonians, and per se is their best single source of essential nutrients. Rapid urbanization and migration are bringing changes in dietary habits of Amazonians. Exposure to fish-Hg during pregnancy and lactation were studied in 100 women and newborns from Porto Velho. Tissue-Hg concentrations and neurodevelopment (Gesell Developmental Schedules) were assessed at birth and at 6 months in exclusively breastfed infants. Maternal mean frequency of fish consumption was low (<2 meals/week; range 0->7 meals/week) compared to Amazonian standards. Women consuming <2 fish meals/week showed less median hair-Hg (3.5 microgg-1) than women that consumed 2 fish meals/week (5.7 microgg). Median total Hg in maternal hair (5.4 microgg-1) was higher than in newborns (1.6 microgg-1). Significant correlation was observed between maternal hair-Hg and infant hair-Hg at birth (r=0.353; p<0.01) and at six months (r=0.510; p<0.01). Placenta-Hg was also significantly correlated to maternal hair-Hg (r=0.321; p<0.01), newborn hair-Hg (r=0.219; p<0.05), maternal blood-Hg (r=0.250; p<0.01) and to umbilical cord-Hg (r=0.857; p<0.01). Most infants (74%) had normal Gesell Schedules but among the 26% showing neuro-motor development delays only six (7%) had multiple (motor, language, and adaptative) delays. The infants with multiple delays were born from mothers with range of hair-Hg comparable to mothers of normally developed infants. Coincidentally, mothers of infants with multiple delays also showed the lowest range of income and level of education. Fish consumption, income, and level of education varied greatly among these breastfeeding urban mothers. It seems that development delays of exclusively breastfed infants are a component of the health inequalities that accompanies socioeconomic disadvantages.