Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving hemodialysis (HD) treatment have a markedly shortened life expectancy in large part owing to cardiovascular disease (CVD), not explained by established risk factors. We tested the hypothesis that therapy with valsartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker and amlodipine, an antioxidant calcium channel blocker will reduce oxidative stress and the plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. We confirmed that compared with age- and gender-matched healthy controls, ESRD patients have excessive oxidative stress and arginine methylation as indexed by elevated plasma levels of oxidation products of lipids (13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE)), thiols (oxidized:reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione (GSSG):GSH), proteins, and nucleic acids, and the methylation products ADMA and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). We undertook a double blind, crossover study of equi-antihypertensive treatment with amlodipine and valsartan for 6 weeks each to test our hypothesis. Both treatments significantly reduced GSSG:GSH, 8-hydroxy 2-deoxyguanosine, ADMA, and SDMA levels and amlodipine reduced 13-HODE. We conclude that hypertensive patients with ESRD receiving HD have evidence of extensive oxidation of lipids, thiols, proteins, and nucleic acids and methylation of arginine that could contribute to CVD. Many of these changes can be reduced by short-term treatment with amlodipine and valsartan.