The serine/threonine protein kinase aurora B, a key regulator of mitosis, is emerging as a novel drug target for cancer treatment. Aurora B overexpression has been previously documented by immunohistochemistry in several types of human tumors. We assessed aurora B expression in a series of 160 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples (60% stage I, 21% stage II, 11% stage III, and 8% stage IV). In addition, we determined the expression of survivin and p16, two molecules also involved in cell cycle control. Aurora B was expressed selectively in tumor cells compared with normal epithelium. Aurora B expression was significantly correlated with expression of survivin in the nucleus (P < 0.0001), but not with expression of p16 (P = 0.134). High aurora B expression levels were significantly associated with older age (P = 0.012), male sex (P = 0.013), squamous cell carcinoma histology (P = 0.001), poor tumor differentiation grade (P = 0.007), and lymph node invasion (P = 0.037), in the subset of radically resected patients in our series. In addition, aurora B expression predicted shorter survival for the patients with adenocarcinoma histology, at both univariate (P = 0.020) and multivariate (P = 0.012) analysis. Survivin expression levels were neither associated with patient clinicopathologic characteristics nor with survival. However, expression of survivin in the nucleus was preferentially detected in stage I and II than in stage III and IV (P = 0.007) in the overall series of NSCLC samples. Taken together, our results suggest that aurora B may represent a valid target in NSCLC.