This study presents results from a randomized controlled clinical trial of the Mirror Image Movement Enabler (MIME) robotic device for shoulder and elbow neurorehabilitation in subacute stroke patients, including data on the use of its bilateral training mode. MIME incorporates a PUMA 560 robot (Staubli Unimation Inc, Duncan, South Carolina) that applies forces to the paretic limb during unilateral and bilateral movements in three dimensions. Robot-assisted treatment (bilateral, unilateral, and combined bilateral and unilateral) was compared with conventional therapy. Similar to a previous study in chronic stroke, combined unilateral and bilateral robotic training had advantages compared with conventional therapy, producing larger improvements on a motor impairment scale and a measure of abnormal synergies. However, gains in all treatment groups were equivalent at the 6-month follow-up. Combined unilateral and bilateral training yielded functional gains that were similar to the gains from equivalent doses of unilateral-only robotic training, although the combined group had more hypertonia and less movement out of synergy at baseline. Robot-assisted treatment gains exceeded those expected from spontaneous recovery. These results are discussed in light of the need for further device development and continued clinical trials.