New perspectives on the mechanisms through which nitric oxide may affect learning and memory processes

Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31(3):413-25. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.11.001. Epub 2006 Dec 26.

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) has been well established as a molecule necessary for memory consolidation. Interestingly, the majority of research has focused on only a single mechanism through which NO acts, namely the up-regulation of guanylate cyclase (GC). However, since NO and NO-derived reactive nitrogen species are capable of interacting with a broad array of enzymes, ion channels and receptors, a singular focus on GC appears short-sighted. Although NO inhibits the action of a number of molecules there are four, in addition to GC, which are up-regulated by the direct presence of NO, or NO-derived radicals, and implicated in memory processing. They are: cyclic nucleotide-gated channels; large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels; ryanodine receptor calcium release (RyR) channels; and the enzyme mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferase. This review presents evidence that not only are these four molecules worthy of investigation as GC-independent mechanisms through which NO may act, but that behavioural evidence already exists suggesting a relationship between NO and the RyR channel.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Brain / physiology*
  • Humans
  • Ion Channels
  • Learning / physiology*
  • Memory / physiology*
  • Nitric Oxide / physiology*
  • Second Messenger Systems / physiology
  • Signal Transduction / physiology*

Substances

  • Ion Channels
  • Nitric Oxide