Anatomic considerations for treatment with botulinum toxin

Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Feb;15(1):1-9, v. doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2006.12.003.

Abstract

Botulinum toxin A treatment continues to increase in popularity and number. Many more patients are undergoing cosmetic Botox procedures and many, diverse practitioners are providing them. The best results are obtained from a careful history and physical examination of the patient combined with a detailed understanding of facial and neck anatomy. Understanding the dynamic anatomic relationships, such as agonist-antagonist muscles and contraction force vectors, is key to providing the patient with an excellent outcome.

MeSH terms

  • Aging / drug effects
  • Botulinum Toxins, Type A / administration & dosage
  • Botulinum Toxins, Type A / pharmacology*
  • Facial Muscles / drug effects
  • Humans
  • Injections, Subcutaneous
  • Neck
  • Neuromuscular Agents / administration & dosage
  • Neuromuscular Agents / pharmacology*
  • Skin Aging / drug effects*

Substances

  • Neuromuscular Agents
  • Botulinum Toxins, Type A