Since 1973, 194 patients with pancreatic carcinoma have undergone surgery in our clinic, including 134 with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Of these 134 patients, resections were performed on 61 (45.5%), 49 (36.6%) of whom underwent a curative resection based on macroscopic evidence. Seven of the patients who underwent macroscopic curative resection survived for five years, giving a five-year survival rate of 26.4% by the Kaplan-Meier method after excepting seven operative deaths. We compared the extent of pancreatic cancer by constructing survival curves according to the General Rules published by the Japan Pancreas Society. There was no statistical difference in survival based on tumor size or stage; however, there was a significant difference in the survival curves of so and se, being the absence or presence of the anterior capsule of the pancreas; rpo and rpe, being the absence or presence of invasion of the retroperitoneal tissue; ew(-) and ew(+), being the absence or presence of invasion at the surgical margin of resection; and n0 and n1, being the extent of lymph node metastasis. The results of this comparison suggest that extended radical pancreatectomy may be indicated for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, since the standard radical operation for pancreatic cancer may miss tumors that have spread to the retroperitoneum and extrapancreatic nerve plexus.