The aim of the present article is to review the available clinical data on bronchiolitis obliterans following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The data sources used were the Medline database and references from the identified articles related to bronchiolitis obliterans, noninfectious pulmonary complications and HSCT. HSCT is an important treatment for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. However, the procedure is limited by significant complications that may involve every organ of the body. Pulmonary complications are seen in 40-60% of HSCT recipients. The recent advances in prophylaxis and treatment of infectious complications have increased the significance of late noninfectious pulmonary conditions. Currently, bronchiolitis obliterans is one of the most challenging pulmonary complications facing clinicians who are taking care of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. This article reviews the clinical and pathological features of this condition, sheds some light on potential mechanisms of pathogenesis, and discusses the available management options.