The long and short of it: the influence of N-carboxyethyl versusN-carboxymethyl pendant arms on in vitro and in vivo behavior of copper complexes of cross-bridged tetraamine macrocycles

Dalton Trans. 2007 Jun 7:(21):2150-62. doi: 10.1039/b702938a. Epub 2007 Apr 16.

Abstract

A cross-bridged cyclam ligand bearing two N-carboxymethyl pendant arms (1) has been found to form a copper(II) complex that exhibits significantly improved biological behavior in recent research towards (64)Cu-based radiopharmaceuticals. Both the kinetic inertness and resistance to reduction of Cu-1 are believed to be relevant to its enhanced performance. To explore the influence of pendant arm length on these properties, new cross-bridged cyclam and cyclen ligands with longer N-carboxyethyl pendant arms, 2 and 4, and their respective copper(II) complexes have been synthesized. Both mono- as well as di-O-protonated forms of Cu-2 have also been isolated and structurally characterized. The spectral and structural properties of Cu-2 and Cu-4, their kinetic inertness in 5 M HCl, and electrochemical behavior have been obtained and compared to those of their N-carboxymethyl-armed homologs, Cu-1 and Cu-3. Only the cyclam-based Cu-1 and Cu-2 showed unusually high kinetic inertness towards acid decomplexation. While both of these complexes also exhibited quasi-reversible Cu(II)/Cu(I) reductions, Cu-2 is easier to reduce by a substantial margin of +400 mV, bringing it within the realm of physiological reductants. Similarly, of the cyclen-based complexes, Cu-4 is also easier to reduce than Cu-3 though both reductions are irreversible. Biodistribution studies of (64)Cu-labeled 2 and 4 were performed in Sprague Dawley rats. Despite comparable acid inertness to their shorter-armed congeners, both longer-armed ligand complexes have poorer bio-clearance properties. This inferior in vivo behavior may be a consequence of their higher reduction potentials.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Amines / chemistry*
  • Animals
  • Copper / chemistry*
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • Electrochemistry
  • Female
  • Kidney / metabolism
  • Ligands
  • Liver / metabolism
  • Macrocyclic Compounds / chemical synthesis
  • Macrocyclic Compounds / chemistry*
  • Macrocyclic Compounds / pharmacokinetics
  • Molecular Structure
  • Organometallic Compounds* / pharmacokinetics
  • Rats
  • Rats, Sprague-Dawley
  • Tissue Distribution

Substances

  • Amines
  • Ligands
  • Macrocyclic Compounds
  • Organometallic Compounds
  • Copper