Abstract
This article reviews the clinically available devices that have been approved for noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring in critically ill patients. In addition this article reviews some of the surrogate markers that can be used to assess adequacy of cardiac output.
MeSH terms
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Biomarkers
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Cardiac Output / physiology*
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Critical Care / methods*
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Humans
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Hypoxia / prevention & control
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Intensive Care Units*
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Monitoring, Physiologic / instrumentation*
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Multiple Organ Failure / prevention & control*
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Plethysmography / instrumentation
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Resuscitation
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Telemetry / instrumentation