The occurrence and incorporation of copper and zinc in hair and their potential role as bioindicators: a review

Abstract

This article reviews evidence that suggests Cu and Zn concentrations are not altered significantly by exogenous processes and may be useful in applications of hair analysis. The review attempts to identify what Cu and Zn concentrations may actually indicate biogenically and investigates the mechanisms by which they are incorporated into hair. Associations with specific hair components are proposed and avenues for development as a bioindicator are identified. Areas of research that offer promise in application or confirming the use of Cu and Zn are also indicated. Correlations and relationships with other health disorders are reviewed. Endogenous blood concentrations may also explain alterations in hair structure relating to breast cancer.