The synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) is part of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment receptor (SNARE), which mediates synaptic neurotransmission. In earlier studies a possible involvement of this protein in schizophrenia has been shown. As neurocognitive impairment is a core feature in the pathology of schizophrenia and considered to be a putative endophenotype according to genetic studies we investigated the influences of different SNAP-25 polymorphisms on neuropsychological test results before and during treatment with atypical antipsychotics. A total of 104 schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics were genotyped for three different polymorphisms of the SNAP-25 gene (MnlI, TaiI and DdeI in the 3'-UTR). Cognitive function was assessed at baseline, week 4 or 6 and week 8 or 12. Results of individual neuropsychological tests were assigned to six cognitive domains (reaction time and quality; executive function; working, verbal and visual memory) and a general cognitive index. The MnlI and TaiI polymorphisms showed no associations to deficits on neuropsychological test results. In contrast, we observed a significant relation between the DdeI polymorphism of the SNAP-25 gene and cognitive dysfunctions. Homozygote T/T allele carriers of the DdeI polymorphism showed significant better neuropsychological test results in cognitive domains verbal memory and executive functions than those with the combined T/C and C/C genotypes (P < 0.01) at all three time points, but no differences in response to treatment with atypical antipsychotics. Additionally, TT carriers exhibited significantly better results in a general cognitive index (P < 0.05). As we observed an association between the DdeI polymorphism of the SNAP-25 gene and cognitive dysfunctions of schizophrenic patients our finding suggests that the SNAP-25 gene could play a role in the pathophysiology of neurocognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia but is not predictive for treatment response with atypical antipsychotics.