The acquired immune response in health and disease is initiated when foreign antigens are processed and presented to T lymphocytes via antigen-presenting cells as peptides in the context of Class I and II major histocompatibility complex antigens. It is now clear that there are various types of antigen-presenting cells and that the phenotype of these cells (together with the milieu of the tissue or lymphoid organ) dictates the nature of the immune response to the antigen. Very little is known about the phenotype, distribution, and roles of dendritic cell subtypes that contribute to the pathophysiology of type I hypersensitivity reaction in the ocular surface. We review what has been learned from studies of both human ocular allergy and murine models and comment on how this compares to allergic reactions in other mucosal tissues.