Risk factors for low bone mass in healthy 40-60 year old women: a systematic review of the literature
- PMID: 18523710
- PMCID: PMC5110317
- DOI: 10.1007/s00198-008-0643-x
Risk factors for low bone mass in healthy 40-60 year old women: a systematic review of the literature
Abstract
Based on a systematic review of the literature, only low body weight and menopausal status can be considered with confidence, as important risk factors for low BMD in healthy 40-60 year old women. The use of body weight to identify high risk women may reduce unnecessary BMD testing in this age group.
Introduction: BMD testing of perimenopausal women is increasing but may be unnecessary as fracture risk is low. Appropriate assessment among younger women requires identification of risk factors for low BMD specific to this population.
Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of risk factors for low BMD in healthy women aged 40-60 years. Articles were retrieved from six databases and reviewed for eligibility and methodological quality. A grade for overall strength of evidence for each risk factor was assigned.
Results: There was good evidence that low body weight and post-menopausal status are risk factors for low BMD. There was good or fair evidence that alcohol and caffeine intake, and reproductive history are not risk factors. There was inconsistent or insufficient evidence for the effect of calcium intake, physical activity, smoking, age at menarche, history of amenorrhea, family history of OP, race and current age on BMD.
Conclusions: Based on current evidence in Caucasians, we suggest that, in healthy women aged 40-60 years, only those with a low body weight (< 70 kg) be selected for BMD testing. Further research is necessary to determine optimal race-specific discriminatory weight cut-offs and to evaluate the risk factors for which there was inconclusive evidence.
Conflict of interest statement
None.
Figures
Similar articles
-
A clinical decision rule to enhance targeted bone mineral density testing in healthy mid-life women.Osteoporos Int. 2012 Jul;23(7):1931-8. doi: 10.1007/s00198-011-1862-0. Epub 2011 Dec 10. Osteoporos Int. 2012. PMID: 22159633
-
Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health.Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007 Aug;(158):1-235. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007. PMID: 18088161 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Utilization of DXA Bone Mineral Densitometry in Ontario: An Evidence-Based Analysis.Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2006;6(20):1-180. Epub 2006 Nov 1. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2006. PMID: 23074491 Free PMC article.
-
Risk factors for low bone mineral density and the 6-year rate of bone loss among premenopausal and perimenopausal women.Osteoporos Int. 2004 Jun;15(6):439-46. doi: 10.1007/s00198-003-1562-5. Epub 2004 Jan 22. Osteoporos Int. 2004. PMID: 15205714
-
Risk Assessment Tools for Osteoporosis Screening in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review.Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2015 Oct;13(5):287-301. doi: 10.1007/s11914-015-0282-z. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2015. PMID: 26233285 Review.
Cited by
-
New Emerging Aspect of Herbal Extracts for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: Overview.Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2024;20(4):361-372. doi: 10.2174/0115733971273691231121131455. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2024. PMID: 38173067 Review.
-
The clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporos Int. 2022 Oct;33(10):2049-2102. doi: 10.1007/s00198-021-05900-y. Epub 2022 Apr 28. Osteoporos Int. 2022. PMID: 35478046 Free PMC article.
-
Reference values for bone density and bone mineral content from 5 to 80 years old in a province of Chile.PeerJ. 2022 Mar 23;10:e13092. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13092. eCollection 2022. PeerJ. 2022. PMID: 35345584 Free PMC article.
-
Risk Factors Analysis of Bone Mineral Density Based on Lasso and Quantile Regression in America during 2015-2018.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Dec 30;19(1):355. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010355. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. PMID: 35010615 Free PMC article.
-
The Role of Pediatric Nutrition as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Precocious Puberty.Life (Basel). 2021 Dec 7;11(12):1353. doi: 10.3390/life11121353. Life (Basel). 2021. PMID: 34947884 Free PMC article. Review.
References
-
- Consensus development conference. Diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med. 1993;94:646–650. - PubMed
-
- NIH. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis and therapy. NIH consensus statements. 2000;17:1–45. - PubMed
-
- WHO. Report of a WHO Study Group (ref type: report) World Health Organization; Geneva: 2003. Prevention and management of osteoporosis; pp. 1–165. Technical Report Series 919.
-
- Jagal SB. Bone density testing. In: Stewart DE, Ferris L, Hyman I, et al., editors. Ontario Women’s Health Status Report. 2002. pp. 113–120. ref type: report.
-
- Osteoporosis Action Plan Committee. Osteoporosis Action Plan: an osteoporosis strategy for Ontario. Report of the Osteoporosis Action Plan Committee to the Ministry of Long-term Care. 2003:1–86. ref type: report.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Miscellaneous
