As the number of persons living long lives following ostomy and bowel resection surgery increases, so do their questions about the effect of surgery on chronic conditions commonly associated with aging. The literature was reviewed to evaluate current evidence about the effect of bowel resection on the absorption of vitamins and minerals and related health concerns such as osteoporosis, gallstones, and renal calculi. Present knowledge about the process of vitamin and mineral absorption in the intestine and clinical study results suggest that chronic inflammation and corticosteroid use may adversely affect absorption. In general, a history of bowel resection does not appear to increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, gallstones, or renal calculi and the body can adjust to losing significant sections of intestine. Strategies to help prevent the majority of long-term complications should be encouraged, including monitoring hydration and transit time, consuming low-digestible carbohydrates, and avoiding processed foods as well as agents with chelating properties.