New potentialities of radiotherapy of cancer patients are associated with three scientific directions: investigations in clinical radiology, the use of advantages of radiation advanced technology and guarantees of therapeutic quality. The first direction includes scientifically substantiated regimens of non-classic dose fractionation, various radiomodifiers and their combinations, and individual prognosis of a tumor response to ionizing radiation. This direction based on 3000 cases, holds promise. The second direction is associated with the advantages of modern technology used for diagnosis, topometry and radiotherapy design. The third direction is intended to reduce differences in radiotherapy quality between research institutes and cancer hospitals.