Purpose of review: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a highly prevalent chronic condition in Western populations. It has a profound effect on our society in terms of economic cost and quality of life. There have been major advances in understanding of disease pathogenesis over the last few years which are summarized in this article.
Recent findings: With improved understanding of gastroesophageal reflux disease, newer developments in diagnostic techniques have evolved. The proton pump inhibitor test has been formally described as one of the initial diagnostic tests. Other new tests include multiple channel impedance monitoring, bilirubin reflux monitoring, Barostat measurements and intraluminal ultrasounds which, along with other newer technologies, are described in this review.
Summary: The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease are complex and multifactorial. The lower esophageal sphincter pressure, the motility of the esophageal body and the stomach, the composition of the reflux material and the sensitivity or resistance of the esophageal mucosa to the reflux material are important factors involved in the pathogenesis of disease-related symptoms and lesions. Based on our improving understanding, novel diagnostic tools are available to improve investigation of the disease.