Experimental methods in lichenology are summarized, the most attention being paid to the synthetic and cultural methods. Synthetic methods are based on the several stages: induction of dissociation of the natural lichen thallus to the monocultures of symbionts, culturing of these symbionts, and subsequent resynthesis under controlled conditions. Synthesis of the model association is based on monocultures of one of the symbionts and free-living organisms. These methods allow studying specificity and selectivity of interactions among symbionts, morphogenesis of the lichen thallus, and the role of minor components of the symbiotic system. Cultural methods involve development of dedifferentiated cell aggregates of lichen thallus ("lichen tissue cultures") on the solid and liquid media. At present, the methods of maintenance of lichen tissue cultures on the solid medium are worked out only. However, the lichen tissue cultures on the liquid medium are much more interesting because this method can be introduced in biotechnology. Cultural methods allow to achieve lichen biomass that contain specific lichen compounds. Induction of morphogenesis in lichen tissue cultures is possible.