There has been an explosion in the development of microscopic and miniaturized technology over the past decade and we have long awaited their arrival and integration into clinical practice. We have now reached the stage where promises are beginning to be delivered. This article reviews their place in modern medicine and looks toward the future. Miniature camera robots (microrobots) provide a mobile viewing platform, enhancing a surgeon's view. Nanorobots have arisen from the fictional world of the 'Fantastic Voyage' and are finally approaching clinical application. As the targeting and drive forces are further developed, these vehicles could be realistically used for delivery of agents for diagnosis and therapies. These new robots have the potential to further evolve the robotic armamentarium for surgeons.