Inflammation in chronic kidney disease: role in the progression of renal and cardiovascular disease

Pediatr Nephrol. 2009 Aug;24(8):1445-52. doi: 10.1007/s00467-008-1046-0. Epub 2008 Dec 13.

Abstract

Inflammation is the response of the vasculature or tissues to various stimuli. An acute and chronic pro-inflammatory state exists in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. There are many mediators of inflammation in adults with CKD and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), including hypoalbuminemia/malnutrition, atherosclerosis, advanced oxidation protein products, the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor, leptin, the thiobarbituric acid reactive system, asymmetric dimethyl arginine, iron, fetuin-A, and cytokines. Inflammation contributes to the progression of CKD by inducing the release of cytokines and the increased production and activity of adhesion molecules, which together contribute to T cell adhesion and migration into the interstitium, subsequently attracting pro-fibrotic factors. Inflammation in CKD also causes mortality from cardiovascular disease by contributing to the development of vascular calcifications and endothelial dysfunction. Similar to the situation in adults, cardiovascular disease in pediatric CKD is linked to inflammation: abnormal left ventricular wall geometry is positively associated with markers of inflammation. This review focuses on traditional and novel mediators of inflammation in CKD and ESKD, and the deleterious effect inflammation has on the progression of renal and cardiovascular disease.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Cardiovascular Diseases / etiology*
  • Child
  • Chronic Disease
  • Disease Progression
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / etiology*
  • Inflammation Mediators / physiology
  • Kidney Diseases / complications*
  • Kidney Failure, Chronic / complications

Substances

  • Inflammation Mediators