Total elbow replacement is a well-recognized surgical treatment for patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of the elbow. At present, there is minimal literature outlining the perioperative complications associated with total elbow replacement. We endeavored to identify complication rates and hospital disposition differences between patients with and without RA who received a total elbow replacement. Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to capture 3,617 patients who received a total elbow arthroplasty between 1988-2005. Of these, 888 had a primary diagnosis of RA and were compared against patients without RA. Analyses addressed perioperative complications and hospital disposition factors, such as charges and length of stay. Overall complication rates were very low with only 2 variables, respiratory complications (P = .01) and renal failure (P = .04) demonstrating significantly worse outcomes in patients without RA (P = .01). Patients without RA had also had longer lengths of stay (P < 0.01). There were 9 reported perioperative deaths. The findings suggest that the perioperative complications of a total elbow replacement for all patients studied are few and that outcomes in patients with RA are nearly equivalent to those in patients without RA.