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Review
. 2009 Jan;149(1):96-102.
doi: 10.1104/pp.108.128975.

Indirect defense responses to herbivory in grasses

Jörg Degenhardt  1
Affiliations
Review

Indirect defense responses to herbivory in grasses

Jörg Degenhardt. Plant Physiol. 2009 Jan.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Scheme of terpene-mediated interactions of a maize seedling above and below ground. Damage of maize leaves by lepidopteran herbivores activates the terpene synthases TPS10 and TPS23, which produce a blend of volatile terpenes. This blend attracts several species of parasitic wasps. Damage of the roots by D. v. virgifera activates the terpene synthase TPS23. The volatile terpene produced by TPS23, (E)-β-caryophyllene, attracts entomopathogenic nematodes. Drawings by Tobias G. Köllner.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Volatile emission of maize in response to herbivory by lepidopteran larvae. A, Volatiles from control leaves and leaves damaged by S. littoralis were collected and separated by gas chromatography. The major terpene compounds were identified as β-myrcene (1), hexenyl acetate (2), (E)-β-ocimene (3), linalool (4), 4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (5), phenylmethyl ester (6), phenylethyl ester (7), indole (8), geranyl acetate (9), (E)-β-caryophyllene (10), (E)-α-bergamotene (11), (E)-β-farnesene (12), germacrene D (13), β-sesquiphellandrene (14), (E)-nerolidol (15), and 4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (16). Depicted are traces of the total ion current detector IS, internal standard nonyl acetate. B, The sesquiterpenes (E)-β-caryophyllene, (E)-α-bergamotene, and (E)-β-farnesene are volatile plant defense compounds.
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