Morphological development of the bronchial respiratory system of the living newborns and dead newborns was studied. Tracheal smooth musculature was studied in 19 experimental preparations which were obtained from autopsy of newborns that died from different causes. Based on the morphological research of the isolated preparation of human trachea the following was stated: numerical density of the tracheal ganglions is higher in the premature. Decrease of ganglion cells number is noticed in mature newborns. This can be explained with the fact that in the phase of intensive ramification, ganglions penetrate from the serous layers in the deeper layers of the trachea--in the direction of epithelium. Main diameter of tracheal ganglions is bigger in premature; this is proportional with the developmental phase of newborns. Based on histological, histochemical and hystoenzymatic analyses, three types of synaptic-axonal neurotransmitter vesicles are visualized in our material: small granularvesicles (SGV), large granular vesicles (LGV) and aminoacid vesicles, with gamma-amino butyric acid and glycine (GABA). Vesicles give positive reaction with argentaffin, argyrophilin and dopa-oxidase. Argentaffin and argyrophile reactions are positive in synapses, hydrocyte cartilage, epithelium, smooth musculature, SGV, LGV, GABA of the tracheal-bronchial pathways. ATP is positive in hydrocyte cartilages and tracheobronchial mucus glands. On airways most of the nerve endings are vesicular (motor) type. Non-vesicular (sensory) types of nerve endings are present in perichondrial localization. These morphological data indicate interaction between adrenergic, cholinergic and third nonadrenergic-noncholinergic system in airways.