Cost-effective primary care-based strategies to improve smoking cessation: more value for money

Arch Intern Med. 2009 Feb 9;169(3):230-5; discussion 235-6. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.556.

Abstract

Background: Evidence from cost-effective smoking cessation programs is scarce. This study determined the cost-effectiveness of 3 smoking cessation strategies as provided by general practitioners (GPs) in Germany.

Methods: In a cluster-randomized smoking cessation trial, rates and intervention costs for 577 smoking patients of 82 GPs were followed up for 12 months. Three smoking cessation treatments were tested: (1) GP training plus GP remuneration for each abstinent patient, (2) GP training plus cost-free nicotine replacement medication and/or bupropion hydrochloride for the patient, and (3) a combination of both strategies. Smoking abstinence at 12 months was the primary outcome used to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and net monetary benefits.

Results: Intervention 1 was not effective compared with treatment as usual (TAU). Interventions 2 and 3 each proved to be cost-effective compared separately with TAU. When applying a 95% level of certainty of cost-effectiveness against TAU, euro 9.80 or euro 6.96, respectively, had to be paid for each additional 1% of patients abstinent at 12 months (maximum willingness to pay). That means that in intervention 2, euro 92.12 per patient in the program must be invested to gain 1 additional quitter (as opposed to euro 39.10 paid per patient during the trial). In intervention 2, the cost was euro 82.82, as opposed to euro 50.04. Neither of these 2 cost-effective treatments proved to be superior to the other. The cost-effectiveness of both treatments was stable against TAU in sensitivity analyses. (The exchange rate from October 1, 2003, was used; euro1 = $1.17.)

Conclusions: Both treatments have a high potential to reduce smoking-related morbidity at a low cost. It is highly recommended that they be implemented as a routine service offered by GPs because in many countries, health insurance plans currently do not fund nicotine replacement therapy.

Publication types

  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / economics
  • Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / therapeutic use
  • Bupropion / economics
  • Bupropion / therapeutic use
  • Cost-Benefit Analysis
  • Germany
  • Humans
  • Middle Aged
  • Nicotine / economics
  • Nicotine / therapeutic use
  • Nicotinic Agonists / economics
  • Nicotinic Agonists / therapeutic use
  • Physicians, Family
  • Primary Health Care*
  • Reimbursement, Incentive
  • Smoking Cessation / economics*
  • Smoking Cessation / methods*

Substances

  • Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation
  • Nicotinic Agonists
  • Bupropion
  • Nicotine